How does hydrops fetalis typically present?

Hydrops fetalis is a serious condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in fetal compartments, which can significantly affect various organs and systems. The presentation of hydrops fetalis can vary depending on the underlying cause, but several common signs are typically observed.

Enlarged spleen, or splenomegaly, can occur in conditions like immune hydrops, where the fetal immune system is compromised, leading to increased blood breakdown and fluid accumulation.

An enlarged heart, or cardiomegaly, may also be present, as the heart can become overworked in an effort to pump fluid that has accumulated due to various pathologies related to hydrops fetalis.

Polyhydramnios, which is an excessive accumulation of amniotic fluid, is another characteristic associated with hydrops fetalis. This condition can arise from fetal anomalies, such as structural defects or infections, leading to an imbalance in the production and absorption of amniotic fluid.

Given that all of these features—enlarged spleen, enlarged heart, and polyhydramnios—can be seen in cases of hydrops fetalis, the most accurate answer is that hydrops typically presents with all of the above. This comprehensive approach to understanding the condition helps in assessment and