What immediate action should be taken if a patient presents with a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

In the context of a transient ischemic attack (TIA), the immediate response focuses on minimizing the risk of progression to a full stroke and ensuring timely intervention. Administering aspirin at a dosage of 300mg is critical as it serves to inhibit platelet aggregation, reducing the chances of thrombus formation which could lead to a stroke. Following this, arranging for an urgent assessment is crucial to evaluate the patient's risk factors and possible underlying causes, as well as to initiate preventive measures promptly.

Starting anticoagulation is not typically the first-line treatment for TIA. Anticoagulants are more commonly indicated in specific scenarios, such as in patients with atrial fibrillation or other embolic risk factors.

Referral for surgery may be considered in certain cases, especially in regards to carotid artery disease, but this is not an immediate action and would be based on further assessment and diagnosis.

Monitoring in an outpatient setting may lead to delays in treatment and evaluation, which is not advisable in the case of a TIA. The urgency lies in stabilizing the patient and preventing potential stroke outcomes.

Thus, the administration of aspirin and arranging for an urgent assessment aligns well with established protocols for managing TIA effectively and promptly.