What is the primary indication for a lumpectomy?

A lumpectomy is primarily indicated for the treatment of breast cancer, specifically when there is a well-circumscribed single tumor that is localized to one quadrant of the breast. This procedure involves the surgical removal of the tumor along with a margin of surrounding healthy tissue, which helps ensure that any potential cancerous cells are also excised.

The effectiveness of lumpectomy relies on clear delineation of the tumor, allowing for a complete removal while preserving the majority of breast tissue. This option is often chosen for early-stage breast cancers, where the tumor size and location permit a preservation approach rather than a more invasive mastectomy.

In contrast, other scenarios mentioned, like excessive alcohol intake, multifocal tumor presentation, and a large tumor in a small breast, can complicate the surgical approach or are not suitable for lumpectomy. These situations may necessitate different treatment strategies, which could include mastectomy or systemic therapies, reflecting a more complex clinical picture.